SOME LOST SOLDIERS OF VICTORIA & HALIBURTON COUNTIES, ONTARIO

VICTORIA COUNTY’S CONTRIBUTION TO THE WAR OF THE NATIONS

 

Some time ago I blogged on a soldier in the 3^rd Battalion for which I possessed a medal grouping, who came from the Town of Fenelon Falls, As we had a summer home outside of Omemee, I became acquainted with the names on the Omemee Cenotaph which led me to the Halifax Memorial and an aboriginal soldier who perished in the Halifax Explosion (Adam Sandy). I have added to and embellished the list provided in the book County of Victoria Centennial History Watson Kirkconnell, 1921, 1967 (Revised), Lindsay.

 

Canada, as part of the British Empire, became involved August 4, 1914. A First Contingent of 33,000 men was mobilized at Valcartier, near Quebec, and sailed for England on the 3rd of October. This prompt achievement was chiefly due to the personal energy of the Minister of Militia, Sir Sam Hughes, Of Lindsay.

With the First Contingent went a detachment of 75 men from Victoria County under Lieut. Col. F.H. Hopkins, Lieut. Walter Kirkconnell, Lieut. W.W. Wilson, and Lieut. George Weeks.

The Second and subsequent Canadian Contingents did not cross to England intact. The volunteer system was practiced until June, 1917, and yielded 450,000 enlistments. The government then enforced conscription and secured 100,000 more recruits. 

The chief contributions of Victoria County after the First Contingent had left were to the 21st, 39th, 109th, and 252nd Battalions. “F” Company of the 21^st Battalion, (Second Contingent) contained 110 local men. The 39th Battalion had a somewhat smaller number. The 109th Battalion, commanded by Lt. Col. J.J.H. Fee, was actually mobilized in Lindsay and reached a strength of 1050 in the spring of 1916. The 252nd Battalion, under Lt. Col. J.J. Glass, was not so successful, for it was organized in the lean days when voluntary enlistment was petering out. Many other Victoria County boys enlisted in units elsewhere so that the rolls of the local units would not be at all representative. An authoritative list of all who enlisted from this county could easily be compiled but would violate the proportions of a brief history of this sort. 

VICTORIA COUNTY SOLDIERS DEAD 

It has been thought wise, however, to include the following list of over 200 heroes from this county who gave their lives for the cause of righteousness. The basis of this record is a list which I have prepared from the official files of the Patriotic Fund, which included all cases where the soldier had designated Victoria County as the home of his next-of-kin. To this definite nucleus I have added many names, gleaned from miscellaneous sources, of those who once claimed this county as their home but had been transplanted elsewhere prior to enlistment. The list is as follows:
 

Adam, Charles, 434640, Cpl., 50^th Bn.,19/11/1016, Lindsay?

Aldous,Thomas G., #725507,Pte.,38^th Bn., 09/04/1917,Fenelon Falls.

Alldred, Wilbert P., #725527, 38^th L/Cpl., 27/03/1918, Bobcaygeon.

Allen, John, #724001, RSM, 124^th Bn., 09/08/1918, Lindsay.

Allin, Elton Culbert, Lt., 44^th Bn., 203^rd Bn.,09/05/1917, Lindsay.

Alton, William Richard,#3036781,Pte.,1^st E.O.R.,25/08/1918,Victoria Road.

Arscott, Thomas Albert, #724687, Pte., 20^th Bn.,09/04/1917, Bobcaygeon.

Akister, George W., #427822, Pte., 28^th Bn., 15/09/1916, Fenelon Falls.

Anderson, William Kay, Lt., RFC, 07/01/1918, Lindsay.

Andrews, Harry William, #724700, Private, 20^th Bn.,09/08/1917,Lindsay.

Angiers, Patrick Herbert, #726136,Private,38^th Bn., 21/07/1918, Coboconk.

Arnold, Oliver Samuel, #104111, Private,116^th Bn.,22/08/1917,Mariposa Tp.

Bailey, Joseph Panet(M.M.), #145742, Lt., 38^th Bn., 02/09/1918, Lindsay.

Bailey, William Edward, #725612, Pte., 20^th Bn.,13/08/1918, Bexley.

Barge, Alfred Arthur, #455260, Private, 2^nd Bn., 27/09/1918, Mariposa Tp.

Barjarow, Tracy E., #724520, 18, Pte., 38^th Bn., 09/04/1917, Coboconk.

Barjarow, Stanley E., #724519, 19, Pte., 38^th Bn.,27/06/1917, Coboconk.

Bateman, Russell Albert, #139522,Pte., 3^rd Bn., 06/11/1917, Kirkfield.

Beecroft, Harvey T., #475768, Lt.,7^th Coy.CMGC,08/10/1916, Fenelon Falls.

Bester, Robert, #724532, 20^th Bn., Pte., 26/12/1917, Omemee.

Bird, Benjamin, #100993, Pte., 49^th Bn., 15/09/1916, Haliburton.

Bishop, Arthur, #636302, Pte., 2^nd Bn., 03/05/1917, Haliburton.

Bole, Clarence H.,#3059962, Pte., 6^th(Reserve) Bn.,14/10/1918, Woodville.

Boucher, William David, #745335, Pte., 2^nd Bn., 04/05/1917, Mariposa Tp.

Boyd, Thornton B., #475786, Pte., P.P.C.L.I., 05/06/1916, Bobcaygeon.

Brady, Thomas Edward, #59090, Pte., 34^th Coy., CFC, 08/10/1918, Lindsay.

Brimmell, Albert M.,#540316, Pte.,C.C.Cylist, 04/09/1917, Little Britain.

Brooks, Edwin Arthur, #57984, Pte., 20^th Bn., 15/09/1916, Bobcaygeon.

Brown, Harry W., #226353, Pte., 10^thBn.,VICTORIA CROSS,17/08/1917 Omemee.

Budd, James John, #726089, Pte., 20^th Bn., 11/11/1917, Burnt River.

Byng, George, #59126, Pte., 21^st Bn., 12/10/1918, Bobcaygeon.

Cameron, Alexander, #800131, Pte., 15^th Bn., 16/08/1917, Lindsay.

Campbell, Alexander, #895492, L/Cpl., 50^th Bn., 27/09/1918, Cameron.

Campbell, John, #724729, Cpl., No CWGC record, Woodville.

Campbell, William Ross, #724664, Pte., 20^th Bn.,08/05/1917, Argyle.

Campbell, Russell A.,#502, Spr.,6^th Field Coy.,CE.,15/11/1915, Kirkfield.

Carew, Robert, #1087011, Pte., 15^th Bn., 06/11/1917, Burnt River.

Carnochan, William, #1087289, Pte., 21^st Bn., 13/05/1918, Haliburton.

Chambers, Allister, #2129026, Pte., 8^th Bn., 02/10/1918, Cambray.

Castle, George John, #724679, Pte., 124^th Bn

Clare, Stephen Joseph, #487651, Pte., No CWGC record, Mariposa Tp.

Copp, Charles, Pte., Unknown, Mariposa Tp.

Cornforth, Sydney Charles, #477197, Sgt.,RCR, 11/04/1917, Lindsay.

Cotey, Earle, #454608, Pte., 38^th Bn., 02/03/1917, Lindsay.

Cragg, Russell Alexander, #109282, Pte., 4^th CMR, 02/06/1916, Lindsay.

Crarey, Russell, #3057627, Pte., 21^st Bn., 11/10/1918, Kirkfield.

Cundal, William J., #21225, Cpl., 4^th Bn., 09/07/1916, Cameron.

Cunnings, William James, Pte., #907468, 5^th Bn., 28/04/1917, Oakwood.

Curry, Albert George, #726005,

Curry, Andrew James, #726004,

Curry, Frederick, Capt., 2^nd Bn.,

Curry, Russell Samuel, #726092, Pte., 20^th Bn., 09/08/1917, Haliburton.

Curtin, Patrick, Pte., #447907, 50^th Bn., 01/11/1916, Lindsay.

Cuthbert, Samuel, Pte., #724740, Canadian Pioneers,18/10/1917, Lindsay.

Dark, Percy Stoate, Pte., #59235, 18, 21^st Bn., 12/06/1916, Lindsay.

Dawson, Alfred Simmonds, #3031460, Pte., 20^th Bn., 10/11/1918, Kinmount.

Dawson, Hector, Pte., #412796, 14^th Bn., 22/10/1915, Kinmount.

Day, Richard James, #454221, 47, Pte., 2^nd Bn., 09/09/1916, Norland.

Daynes, Duncan Morrison, #412700, Pte.,13^th Bn.,13/06/1916,  Eldon Stn.

Denison, Francis Turquand, Pte., #624551,27^th Bn.,27/08/1917, Eldon Stn.

Donaldson, Robert J., #725569, Pte., 20^th Bn., 10/11/1917, Fenelon Falls.

Elliott, Walter Waldron, #412456, L/Sgt., 25^th Bn., 30/09/1916, Lindsay.

Faulkner, Roy, #4020572, Pte., 2^nd Bn., 31/08/1918, Coboconk.

Ferguson, James W., #1087029, L/Cpl, 21^st Bn., 27/08/1918, Valentia.

Fitzgerald,John James, #724248, Pte., 124^th Bn., 14/12/1916, Head Lake.

Fortier, Nelson, #412978, Pte., 13^th Bn., 27/10/1917, Lindsay.

Foster, John, Pte., Infantry, No Record, Mariposa Tp.

Freeman, Benjamin, #745309, Pte.,3^rd Bn., 05/11/1917, Mariposa Tp.

Fry, Henry, Pte., Infantry, Mariposa Tp.

Garbutt, Sarah Ellen, Nursing Sister, C.A.N.S., 20/08/1917, Lindsay.

Gifford, Victor R.,#5094, Driver, 1^st Field Coy.,C.E.,07/09/1916 Lindsay.

Gillies, Hector, #782190, Pte., 46^th Bn.,26/08/1918, Lindsay.

Gosselin,Alphonse,#3056618,Pte.,E.O.R.6^th Res.Bn.,08/10/1918 Downeyville.

Gray, John Wilford, #887042, 14^th Bn.,Pte., 04/03/1917, Lindsay.

Gregory, Richard, #726015, Pte., 21^st Bn., 29/11/1916, Haliburton.

Grinstead, William George, #8716, Manchester Rgt.,29/10/1914, Valencia.

Groves, Robert, #724293, Pioneer, 124^th Bn., 25/12/1917, Burnt River.

Goldie, Eric James (Grace), #2303,3^rd Bn.,London Rgt.,28/11/1915 Lindsay.

Glendenning, Stanley, Cdt, 1AG Sqn Royal Air Force,17/07/1918,Sunderland.

Gallagher, W. N., Lieut., Infantry, No CWGC record, Omemee.

Hall, Arnold Rossiter, #512313, Pte.,C.E., 07/09/1918,Lindsay.

Hall, Geo. Carlton, #725217, Pte., 38^th Bn.,28/06/1917, Cambray.

Halliday, Adam Sydney, #3059715, Pte., E.O.R., 22/10/1919, Fenelon Falls.

Hancock, Armour Ellington, #454174, Pte.,459^th Coy., 20/11/1918, Lindsay.

Harper, William, #724580, Sergeant,124^th Pioneer Bn.,28/03/1918, Lindsay.

Hartwick, Herbert,#26662, Spr, 5th Bn. CRT, 11/01/1919, Lindsay.

Hill, Joseph Leslie, #455255, 21^st Bn., Pte.,30/09/1916, Bobcaygeon.

Hill, William Albert, #725555, Pte., 21^st Bn.,03/11/1917, Bobcaygeon.

Holliday, Herbert A., #310621, Gunner, 9^th Br.CFA, 25/07/1916, Coboconk.

Hopkins, Fred Holmes, Lieut.-Col., 17^th Bn., 30/01/1916, Lindsay.

Horton, Thomas, #1100006, Pte., CFC, 15/05/1917, Kinmount.

Howe, John. C., #724601, Pte., 20^th Bn., 15/08/1917, Lindsay.

Howe, Joseph, #724036, Pte., 2^nd Bn., 09/08/1918, Haliburton.

Hughes, Wesley, #724057, Pte.,38^th Bn.,27/06/1917, Burnt River.

Irwin, Norman, #166352, Cpl.,2^nd Cdn Pioneer Bn., 22/10/1918, Lindsay.

Jackson, Charles Edward, #724726, Private, No CWGC record, Lindsay.

Jackson, Reginald. G., #724755, 38^th, Bn., 11/08/1917, Private, Lindsay.

Jeffers, Frank Alfred, Pte., Infantry, NO RECORD, Little Britain.

Johnston, John Arthur, #724685, L/Cpl., 21^st.Bn.,15/08/1917, Bobcaygeon.

Johnson, Reginald, Pte., Infantry, No CWGC record, Lindsay.

Johnson, Martin, Pte., Infantry, No CWGC record, Fenelon Falls.

Johnston, Willard, #799144, Pte.,15^th Bn.,25/08/1917, Lindsay.

Johnston, William Russell, #201200, Pte., 3^rd Bn., 05/05/1917, Lindsay.

Junkin, Irvine, #3056342, Pte., 2^nd Bn., 27/09/1918, Bobcaygeon.

Junkin, Percy John, #725589, Pte., 21^st Bn., 20/11/1916, Bobcaygeon.

Kent, William Gordon, #1027027, Pte., 75^th Bn.,28/10/1918, Lindsay.

King, Henry William, #724682,Pte.,124^th Pioneer Bn.,08/11/1917 Head Lake.

Kinghorn, John, #669238, Pte., 3^rd Bn., 08/10/1916, Woodville.

Kirkconnell, Walter Allison, Lt.,14^th Bn., 08/08/1918, Lindsay.

Kylie, Edward J., Captain, 147^th Bn., 04/05/1916, Lindsay.

Kirton, Albert Edward, #157614, Gunner, CFA, 03/09/1918, Mariposa Tp.

Kirton, William, #745403, Pte., 2^nd Bn., 21/03/1918, Mariposa Tp.

Knowlson, Henry Athan, #2765189, Pte., No CWGC record, Lindsay.

Lanning, Percy,H. #59565, Pte., 21^st Bn., 27/11/1915, Mariposa, Tp.

Leach, Albert Kenneth, #724246, Pte., 21^st. Bn.,07/05/1918, Lindsay.
LeBel, Joseph Francis, #412780, Pte., 20^th Bn.,17/11/1915, Lindsay.

Lee, George Herbert, #724122, Pte., 21^st Bn., 10/04/1917, Woodville.

Lee, William George,,#724138, Pte., 21^st Bn., 17/01/1917, Woodville.

Lennie, Lewis Frederick, #412703, CASC Amm.Sub Park, 14/07/1916, Lindsay.

Liscombe, Edward R., #724160, Pte., 21^st Bn., 15/08/1917, Coboconk.

Logan, George, #724255, Pte., 21^st Bn., 09/04/1917, Haliburton.

Lyle, Wilbert Merle, #725587, Gunner,6^th Bde.CFA, 22/12/1917, Bobcaygeon.

Lyon, Edwin Percy, #461230, Pte., 44^th Bn., 16/02/1917, Little Britain.

Lynwood, William John (Linwood), No CWGC record

Mark, Robert Henry, #724272, Pte., 38^th Bn., 03/11/1917, Cameron.

Matthews, Alfred Joseph, Captain, 27^th Bn., 26/02/1916, Lindsay.

Metcalfe, Charles N., #724183, Pte.,2^ndBn CMGC,15/08/1918, Fenelon Falls.

Miller, Charles Albert, #7762, Pte., 2^nd Bn., 05/06/1915, Lindsay.

Miller, Joseph John, #2304413, Pte., P.P.C.L.I., 19/08/1918, Kinmount.

Mills, Frederick Howard, #116146, Sgt., 2^nd CMR, 08/08/1918, Argyle.

Mitchell Douglas Gordon,MM, #8627, Sgt.,2^nd Bn.,11/04/1917, Lindsay.

Mitchell, Thomas Henry, #3060570,Pte.,E.O.R., 11/07/1918, Little Britain.

Morrison, William James, #724239, Pte., 20^th Bn.,14/05/1917, Lindsay.

Murray, Albert, #412787, Pte., 14^th Bn., 15/10/1915, Valentia.

Murtha, James, #183989, Pte., 31^st Bn., 27/09/1916, Lindsay.

McDonald, Alexander,

McDonald, Kenneth,

McDonnell, Edward, #402903, Pte., 13^th Bn., 27/09/1918, Lindsay

McDougall, Russell Hugh, #725536,109^th Bn.,No CWGC record, Fenelon Falls.

McEachern, Malcolm, #725598, Pte, 21^st Bn., 17/01/1917, Woodville.

McFadyen, Henry Lorne,DCM, #730710, Pte., 18^th Bn., 10/11/1917, Cambray.

McGann, Joseph Patrick, #724562, L/Cpl.,44^th Bn.,09/09/1917, Downieville.

McGill, Ivan Elmer, #59718, Pte., 21^st Bn., 08/04/1916, Lindsay.

McGinnis, Sidney, #725078, Pte., 20^th Bn., 03/06/1918, Lindsay.

McGuire, James Patrick, #59723, 21^st Bn., 26/08/1918, Kinmount.

McInnis, D., No CWGC record.

McInnis, Charles Howard,MM,#724261,L/Cpl.,21^st Bn.,11/10/1918,Lorneville

McKay, Robert,, No CWGC record.

McMurray, George, #724589, Pte., 38^th Bn., 09/04/1917, Lorneville.

McMillan, William Duncan, #410837, Pte., 38^th Bn., 27/03/1918, Lindsay.

McNutt, Wm. Geo. Stanley,#464603, Pte., 54^th Bn., 25/10/1916, Bobcaygeon.

Naismith, James, #410158, Pte., 38^th Bn., No CWGC record.

Naylor, John Denby, #725568, Pte., 20^th Bn., 10/05/1917, Cameron.

Newell, Alfred Charles, No CWGC record.

Northey, Melville, #725567, Pte., 21^st. Bn., 09/11/1917, Bobcaygeon.

Owens, Hillary Pomery, #745452, Pte., 3^rd Bn., 19/08/1917, Woodville.

Oxby, William Edward, #853763, Pte., 19^th Bn., 28/08/1918, Dalton.

Padden, Herbert, No CWGC record.

Parkes, Cleveland Adair, #725077, Pte., 38^th Bn., 09/04/1917, Lindsay.

Parkin, Whyt Burnett, #141515, Pte., 24^th Bn., 06/11/1917, Lindsay.

Parks, Alvin Morse, #454075, Pte., R.C.R., 08/10/1916, Lindsay?

Patton, Neil Smith, #724125, Pte., 75^th Bn., 30/09/1918, Lindsay.

Peters, William Claude, #814787, Pte., 19^th Bn., 25/03/1917, Lindsay?

Poast, Roy Irvine, #475311, Pte., P.P.C.L.I., 18/07/1916, Omemee.

Pollitt, George, #725015, Pte., 38^th Bn., 09/04/1917, Omemee.

Reeves, Robert, #724049, Pte., 20^th Bn., 08/08/1918, Lindsay?

Robinson, William Morris, #410606, 38^th Bn., 08/11/1917, Lindsay?

Rogers, Garfield Redman, Lt.,11^th Bde., CFA, 21/04/1917, Oakwood.

Rushton, William Stanley, #760688, Pte., 7^th Bn., 15/08/1917, Kirkfield.

Russell, Victor, #745169, Pte., 19^th Bn., 08/08/1918, Oakwood.

Ryall, George, #725050, Pte., 20^th Bn., 27/11/1917, Little Britain.

Rooke, Edwin Martin, #304309, Sgt., 2^nd Bde., CFA, 13/06/1916, Lindsay?

Sandiland, James Thomas, #454184, L/Cpl.,26^th Bn., 17/09/1916, Kirkfield.

Saville, George, #412867, Pte., 13^th Bn., 17/11/1915, Oakwood.

Scott, Alexander McKay, Lt., 21^st Bn., 11/10/1918, Gelert.

Scott, Walter Henry, #145284, Sgt., 38^th Bn., 19/11/1916, Lindsay.

Scott, John Ernest, #725130, Pte., 2^nd Bn., 18/08/1917, Little Britain.

Selby, Thomas Ralph, #725546, Pte., 21^st Bn., 09/05/1917, Bobcaygeon.

Shankland, John Wilfred, #725524, Pte.,20^th Bn.,09/11/1917,Fenelon Falls.

Shaw, William Leslie, #409307, Pte., 31^st Bn., 06/11/1917, Lindsay.

Shea, James Edward, #80228, Pte., 38^th Bn., 24/08/1915, Lindsay.

Silverthorn, Howard Wesley, #725609, Pte., 21^st Bn.,01/05/1917, Bolsover.

Smith, Edward, #724705, Pte., 109^th Alberta Regt., 17/10/1917, Lindsay.

Stewart,Robert, Unknown.

Stinson, Charles Howard, #725549, Pte.,21^st Bn.,09/05/1917,Fenelon Falls.

Stinson, William Norman, #2692622, Pte.,2^nd Bn.,CGR, 05/11/1918, Lindsay.

Sumner, John Cooper, #724075, Pte., 20^th Bn., 09/04/1917, Seagrave.

Swardfager, Frederick, #111591, Pte., 4^th CMR, 02/06/1916, Lindsay.

Sutcliffe, Charles Elliott, Major, 77^th Bn., 06/06/1917, Lindsay.

Swayze, David Alexander, #74321, Cdt., RFC, 06/10/1917, Lindsay.

Swayze, William Keith, Lt., RFC, 26/02/1920, Lindsay.

Taggart, Gordon, #725559, Pte., 21^st Bn., 27/12/1917, Fenelon Falls.

Tamlin, Melville Edgar,, #3059964, 6^th Reserve Bn., 24/10/1918, Cambray.

Taylor, William Edward, #3060923, 1^st Bn, EOR, 27/10/1918, Victoria Road.

Tough, Archable Russell, #724575, Pte., 20^th Bn., 09/04/1917, Kirkfield.

Trevor, Foster, #412999, Pte., 20^th Bn., 15/09/1916, Lindsay.

Trevor, Ralph, #454318, Pte., 24^th Bn., 17/09/1917, Lindsay.

Trott, Joseph, #724050, Pte., 20^th Bn., 14/04/1917, Lindsay.

Tripp, James Albert, #725600, Pte., 21^st Bn., 09/05/1917, Bobcaygeon.

Truax, Charles Roy, #3059739,Pte.,6^th Reserve Bn.,30/10/1918, Coboconk.

Truax, Peter, #348028, Dvr, CFA, 8^th Brigade, 21/05/1918, Coboconk.

Vickery, Orville Wilson, L.-Cpl.,#725058, 20^th Bn.,28/08/1918, Lindsay.

Valentine, William, #724131, Pte., 38^th Bn., 26/03/1917, Miner’s Bay.

Watson, Thomas M., Pte., #724055, 20^th Bn., 08/04/1917, Mariposa Tp.

Watt, Donald, #811931, Pte., 8^th Bn.,08/08/1918, Haliburton.

Weeks, Clarence G., Lieut., MC, #724021, 75^th Bn., 22/08/1918, Lindsay.

Wheeler, Charles, Pte., #453150, 2^nd Bn., MG, 03/06/1916, Lindsay.

Whetter, Fred Freeman, Pte., #745500,166^th Bn., 01/07/1917, Woodville.

White, Joseph, Sergeant, #725123, 44^th Bn.,28/09/1918, Lindsay.

Whitney, Joseph W., Pte., #1097051, 21^st Bn., 12/08/1918, Burnt River.

Williams, Arthur James, Major, RCR, 15/08/1916, Lindsay.

Wilson, Robert T., Pte., #745220, 18^th Bn., 05/01/1917, Mariposa Tp.

Winchester, John, Pte.,#424257, 21^st Bn., 15/08/1917, Lindsay.

Wright, James M., Sapper, #754977, 13^th CLR, 30/01/1918,  Bobcaygeon.

Wilson, Bruce, Flight Commander, Royal Air Force, 01/11/1918, Lindsay.

Wilson, William Webster., Capt., Cdn Signal Corps,09/10/1916, Lindsay.

SOME UNOFFICIAL OBSERVATIONS

Almost 50% of these men were original 109th Battalion enlistees. I found a disaportionate number of these men were of Scottish heritage. Probably no surprise since Much of Victoria County, especially the western areas was settled by Scots. The occupation of the lost soldiers was by far, listed as "farmer' followed by "lumberman". Although I did not keep written track of the ages, the average age would have been certainly in the early twenties. From previous research, there were a number of under age soldiers - most of the youngest were held back and added to the roster of the 252nd Battalion. However a large number of 18 years olds from the 109th Battalion made it to the trenches. This list is by no means considered final. The remaining names for which no information could be found or are indeterminate can be may mean the names have been mispelled at source, they served in British Forces, their deaths came after the Commonwealth War Graves Commission cut-off in 1921 or any number of other reasons. I would certainly appreciate hearing about any errors and/or ommissions.